OET Nursing Reading Practice Test – Part A

1. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

normal allergic reactions to bed bugs?
______________

2. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

signs that bed bugs may spread diseases?
______________

3. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

dogs can be trained to detect bed bug eggs?
______________

4. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

bed bugs showed no viral replication?
______________

5. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

bed bug bites may be seen in a cluster?
______________

6. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

places where bed bugs are found?
______________

7. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

what is used to facilitate quality assurance programs?
______________

8. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

How much was the false positive indication rate of bed bugs by detector dogs?
______________

9. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

What was used to eliminate bed bugs from developed countries?
______________

10. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

What is the usual symptom exhibited by bed bug infestation?
______________

11. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

What was detector dogs’ positive indication rate for distinguishing live and dead bed bugs?
______________

12. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

What caused serious infestations of bed bugs in newborns?
______________

13. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

What is the reason for reappearance of bed bugs in developed countries?
______________

14. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

How many diseases are said to be spread by bed bug being vectors?
______________

15. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

What are responsible for asthma symptoms caused by bed bugs?

16. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

The usage of ____________________________ is prohibited as it is proven to be very harmful to our surroundings.

17. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

The presence of ____________________________ is not detected in ordure of the bed bugs.

18. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

To locate bed bugs, detector dogs use olfactory senses despite their ____________________________.

19. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

Numerous bed bug bites are found to produce ________________________.

20. Text A
Bed bugs have feasted on sleeping humans for thousands of years. After World War II, they were eradicated from most developed nations with the use of DDT. This pesticide has since been banned because it's so toxic to the environment. Spurred perhaps by increases in international travel, bed bugs are becoming a problem once again. The risk of encountering bed bugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of night-time guests - such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters. Bed bugs are reddish brown, oval and flat, about the size of an apple seed. During the day, they hide in the cracks and crevices of beds, box springs, headboards and bed frames. It's a daunting task to eliminate bed bugs from your home. Professional help is recommended. Symptoms It can be difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other insect bites. In general, the sites of bed bug bites usually are:

• red, often with a darker red spot in the middle
• itchy
• arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• located on the face, neck and arms

Text B
Reactions to bed bug bites in humans
Skin reactions are commonly associated with bed bugs, which result from the saliva injected during feeding. Some individuals, however, do not react to heir bite, whereas others note a great deal of discomfort often with loss of sleep from the persistent biting. Reactions to the bites may be delayed, up to 9 days before lesions appear. Common allergic reactions include the development of large wheals, often >1-2 cm, which are accompanied by itching and inflammation. The wheals usually subside to red spots but can last for several days. Bullous eruptions have been reported in association with multiple bed bug bites and anaphylaxis may occur in patients with severe allergies. In India, iron deficiency in infants has been associated with severe infestations. It has been suggested that allergens from bed bugs may be associated with asthmatic reactions.

Text C
Bed bug-detecting canines
ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., like other bed bug species, is difficult to visually locate because it is cryptic. Detector dogs are useful for locating bed bugs because they use olfaction (smell) rather than vision. Dogs were trained to detect the bed bug (as few as one adult male or female bug) and viable bed bug eggs (as few as five, collected 5-6 days after feeding) by using a modified food and verbal reward system. Their efficacy was tested with adult bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs placed in vented polyvinyl chloride containers. Dogs were able to discriminate bed bugs from the insects Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), Blattella germanica L., and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), with a 97.5% positive indication rate (correct indication of bed bugs when present) and 0% false positives (incorrect indication of bed bugs when not present). Dogs also were able to discriminate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces, with a 95% positive indication rate and a 3% false positive rate on bed bug feces. In a controlled experiment in hotel rooms, dogs were 98% accurate in locating live bed bugs. A pseudoscent prepared from pentane extraction of bed bugs was recognized by trained dogs as bed bug scent (100% indication). The pseudoscent could be used to facilitate detector dog training and quality assurance programs. If trained properly, dogs can be used effectively to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs.

Text D
Bed bugs as vectors of human disease Transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, but there is little evidence that such transmission has ever occurred. Older scientific literature postulated that bed bugs may be vectors of plague, yellow fever, tuberculosis, relapsing ever, leprosy, filariasis, kala azar (leishmaniasis), cancer, smallpox, and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). Recently, the possibility of human mmunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission by bed bugs has been nvestigated. Human immunodeficiency virus can be detected in bed bugs up to 8 days after ingestion of highly concentrated virus in experimental blood meals. However, no viral replication has been observed within the insects and no virus has been detected in bed bug feces. Mechanical transmission of human mmunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated using an artificial system of feeding bed bugs through membranes.

____________________________ is made from the pentane extraction of bed bugs.